75th Anniversary of Battle of Monte Cassino and Northern Italy (Terrain Build)

So I’ve been away on business this week and returned to find a little package for me from Razorlab. My vector line diagram in the last update has been converted into something tangible.

As I ordered the smallest mdf base material, there wasn’t enough space for two roof panels (just the one) or a base, so I had to cut these myself. However, once done, the pieces went together very smoothly and easily – no sanding or additional work beyond a bit of PVA. So I’m very pleased with how that worked out.

I’ve cut and glued the plastic roof panels onto the mdf roof base. One thing that I didn’t think about was the 3mm thickness of the roof and my trigonometry. The thickness means the roof doesn’t sit quite flush with the building and will need a little shaved off. Not a disaster but something to take into account in future designs.

For the paint, I’m going to try a hull red base for the roof and then layer on some fiery orange followed by elf flesh. For the walls, I think I’ll try elf flesh mixed with some off white to brighten it up. All paints from Vallejo and I’ll apply through the air brush. Before hand, I’ve given everything a grey primer.

I’ve also painted up my hand cut test house as well to try out some techniques and to also see how the pva/filla mix works out.

As an experiment, I’ve also lightly sprayed on some green around the bottom of the buildings to give the impression of moss/mold.

Now for the doors and windows. For the shutters, I’ve just cut out green card and glued these in place. For the doors, the cut outs from the frames were included and I just cut out card to glue over the top and then glued the door back into place. In hind sight, I could have just not cut anything out and glued a card door on the top but at least I have the option of having the door open now!

So overall, given the limited amount of effort involved, I’m quite pleased with the results from Razorlab. I like the pva/filla coating I gave to the hand cut building, so I’ll take this approach with my next builds.

I now need to make some more to build a small hamlet. One small problem is the lack of uniformity in the buildings in a Tuscan town, so no designing just one building and replicating a lot of times. I’m going to need a lot of different designs to get the look right. I’ll also need a small church with tower as well as a separate bell tower as well.

Time to crack open the vector line software again and start designing.

So as a test, I’ve designed an single storey ‘farm house’ to test whether I’ve got my principles right and that it will all go together correctly. This should create a 10cm by 10cm building and I’ve opted for the smallest mdf board to keep the costs down. As a consequence, I can’t cut a base and I can only create one roof panel (the rectangle on the right) but I’m confident enough that I can cut some mdf with a knife to manage this without making things too wonky.

Once again, getting the lengths and angles for the roof panel and roof trusses required some trigonometry so hopefully I’ve got my sums right.

I’ve used a free tool called Inkscape to draw the plans. This involved a lot of positioning the ‘points’ accurately on the x and y scale to ensure that the measurements are spot on.

Hopefully I should get the results back in a week or so to find out how well this has worked.

When I think about Italy, I see Tuscan hill villages (and Chianti, cheese, good food but that’s another story). Now while the whole of Italy isn’t covered with Tuscan hill villages (just Tuscany has Tuscan hill villages 🙂 ) I think building one will certainly set off the battles that were fought later in 1944 and 1945, once Cassino had been taken. Something like the picture below sums up what I’m aiming for, although probably more of a small hamlet rather than a town.

Bizarrely, I can’t find any good 1:100 scale model Italian buildings. There’s some OK Spanish peninsula options that look similar, but nothing that really works. So I’m going to have to make my own.

I considered card models but it just doesn’t have the durability so I’ve opted for mdf. I’ve also found some sheets of the below on ebay which is 1:100 scale and looks exactly like the very distinctive roof tiles used in Italy.

Armed with just a trusty metal ruler, a pencil and a sharp knife, I drew out the panels on some 3mm mdf and cut them out. This took a little time but in the end, I had a three story building which I was able to glue together with PVA.

As an experiment, to get the texture of the render used in Italy, I mixed up pva with polyfilla. This will hopefully have the advantage of sealing the mdf together while also creating the render. You can see the three floors below.

Now the roof was tricky. I had to get a calculator out and go back to my trigonometry to work out the angles and lengths for the roof. I even had to use the mnemonic Silly Old Hitler Couldn’t Advance His Troops Over Asia (a little apt, given the project).

I got the mathematics right but cutting 3mm mdf with enough precision just wouldn’t work.

While the plastic sheet tiles look good and I think the render has worked, the whole wonky look and the fact that the roof doesn’t fit is irritating. I’m also never going to have the time to design and cut out enough buildings to populate a village. So I need to find another way.

I then found this site:

http://www.razorlab.co.uk/

And I think that this could be my answer. They take vector line diagrams and use these to laser cut your chosen material – and 3mm mdf is just one such material. So I’m going to design the building and see whether I can get this right before launching head first into it.

The pva glued clump foliage is now all dry and for the sake of speed, I think that this terrain is now complete. It’s certainly ‘table ready’.

With the sand/paint/PVA mixture dry, it needs some depth. I mixed up a thin, dark brown wash and applied this over the road. Once dry, I added a second wash but this time in two thin lines to create the impression of tyre tracks.

Time to start flocking. In the interests of speed and simplicity, I mixed up three different flocks and applied PVA liberally over the tops of the hills, along the sides of the road and the upper cliff faces. Monte Cassino had a fair coverage of flora and the flocking should represent this.

Once dry, I sprayed a very watered down PVA mixture. I had to do this several times to ensure a good coverage. This helps the flock stick and stop it dropping off all over your gaming table and models.

To add bushes and more flora, I mixed up a 50:50 water/PVA mix and dumped different coloured clump foliage in. Once soaked through, I applied this across the terrain. I also applied this along the join area to try to conceal the fact that the finished terrain is two pieces of foam.

The down side of this soaking is that it takes some time to dry but at least dries hard.

I managed to get a small amount of hobby done over the Christmas holidays. I wanted to get the dirt road in place up the side of Monte Cassino and felt the best way to do this was was to mix up some sand with PVA glue. The sand should be the right scale to be ‘pebble’ size and look a little more like a dirt road. I needed to colour it as well and so mixed in plenty of the brown paint used for colouring the rest of the foam.

This mixture was then applied in a couple of layers to the area designed to be a road. This took several days to dry properly.

To provide the highlight, I found some cheap spray acrylics online and ordered these in. The rocks around Cassino are very light in colour so a light brown and bone white looked the best bet for getting the highlight right.

The mid brown colour was applied fairly close to the foam and at a low angle from the horizontal. Once dry, I applied the bone white sparingly from a higher angle to catch the top edges. I followed this up with hitting odd patches across with mixes of the two colours to try and vary the tone.

Next job will be to start flocking the hill and applying some wash to the road.

Managed to get some time to work on the terrain for this project. Having shaped the foam in the last update, it was time to pluck it to create a cliff face. I want something imposing and shear as while the scale will be wrong, it needs to look like it dominates the battle field.

The plucking took ages and my fingers were sore after doing it. I’m happy with the general shape but I think it might need some more work.

I then needed to colour the foam. The rock around Cassino is quite light, almost a bone colour however I need a dark shade initially to soak into the foam so that none of the foam shows through. I’ve again ordered some cheap dark brown acrylic paint from Amazon and watered it down a little. This was then liberally applied to the foam and ‘pushed’ into it by a very old paint brush.

It took a few coats to cover the foam up and some time to dry but it now looks a lot less like some foam from a sofa!

The town of Cassino is dominated by the large hill and monastery overlooking it. At 520m high, scale wise I’m not going to be able to recreate this on the tabletop however having some form of representation seems appropriate.

I’m going to take the same approach to hill building as described here on BoW using foam. Fortunately, I salvaged some foam from an old sofa that was heading to the rubbish tip, so the cost of this will be nothing!

I plan to cut the foam in two and use it as a corner piece to the table. I’ve marked on the cut for the base piece and will then shape the top bit accordingly.

I need to provide access to the top of the hill, so will build in a road up the side. This will need to be carefully cut into the foam.

Next step will be to pluck out the hill side and remove the cutting marks.

I’ve now completed the trenches!

Following the base paint step, I gave the wood and sandbags a brush on dip layer to give some shade and to protect the paint. Once dry, I gave the whole thing a dry brush of wych flesh.

I gently brushed some black pigment powder into the craters to create a burnt, blast effect and then started flocking. I’ve used three separate flocks and clump foliage for the bases. Once this was applied, I sprayed the whole thing with watered down PVA to seal it in and then brushed on a matt varnish to the wood and sand bags to remove any shine form the glue. All done!

Now time to get some paint down on the trenches. Given the mix of materials, I’ve decided to apply a grey primer first to everything. Once dry, I opted for a watered down dark brown. I’ve applied this to the whole model, including sand bags and wooden retaining wall.

It took a couple of coats to get a good cover of the brown. Next I applied a dry brush of stone grey. I wanted to just pick out the highest parts of the banking. I also found that this colour worked well on the wood as well.

I really want the sandbags to stand out, so I’ve decided to paint them a colour lighter than they probably would have been – perhaps the Italian sun has bleached them? Stone grey was to hand and seemed suitable

I’ve also noticed that the lighting between the photo below and those above is different. It is the same, honest!

I won’t take the earth any further than this. I plan to flock a lot of it, so most of it will be covered.

I need to apply a wash to the sandbags and wooden retaining wall which will probably be a brushed on dip. This will hopefully have the added effect of securing them to the model and protecting them.

I thought I would add some more detail and contrast to the trenches by lining the top of the wooden retaining walls with sandbags. This was somewhat inspired by the Bolt Action boot camp and I’ve used a similar method.

Having done a tiny bit of research, roughly a sandbag in 15mm scale should be around 4mm wide and about 6 to 8mm long. This is obviously quite small and tricky to get right but if I can get close, I think it will be good enough.

I’m going to use Das modelling clay and roll out long sausages to about a diameter of 2mm. I then gently squash these between two kitchen chopping boards. This has the benefit of adding some texture to the sandbags as well!

Once squashed, using a ruler and a sharp modelling knife, I’ve cut the sausage into 6mm lengths. I’ve then left these to dry.

I tried creating some variation by stacking a few sandbags or arranging them together in different ways while still wet. If I’m honest though, this was very fiddly and I lost patience quite quickly!

Left overnight to dry, I attached the sandbags along the top of the trenches using a lot of super glue. Once this was all dry, I then sprayed the whole piece with watered down PVA. This was partly to give the sand bags some more adhesion but also to fix down the sand that I had applied to the Polyfilla in the previous entry on this project. Once dry, this will be ready for priming and painting.

Now that the polyfilla is dry, I want to build a more realistic ‘inside’ of the trench. I’m assuming that the earth needs some sort of retaining wall and that the easiest solution would be wooden planks.

To start with, I’ve sanded the vertical face of the trench as flat as possible. I only applied a thin polyfilla layer here just to cover any cracks/holes and to provide a solid surface for the glue to adhere to.

Matchsticks seem the obvious option for creating a simple, cheap but effective wooden retaining wall. I’ve started by cutting the uprights. These are the height of the trench and I’ve placed one upright roughly every inch along. I’ve glued these down with super glue to ensure a good fix.

As the uprights aren’t religiously 1″ apart, I need to cut the cross beams to size for each section. I found doing this first the best option. I’ve then filled the gaps where the cross beams will go with plenty of PVA.

It took a while to complete all of the trench sections but I think it will look worthwhile once all painted up. I think I will take it a step further and add some sandbags along the top. This will add to the overall look as well as hide the join between the matchsticks and the rest of the trench banking.

Managed to get some more hobby time over the weekend so worked some more on the trenches. I’ve now applied the basing material and did so using polyfilla.

I’ve started by applying a liberal amount over the sloped area of foam to create a bank. From there, I’ve used my trusty index finger with water to smooth down the polyfilla and then sprinkled sand over the top for texture.

I’ve tried to keep the ends of the trenches square so that they will butt up next to each other neatly when on the table.

To make the craters, I applied a small amount of poyfilla into the hole that was cut in the foam during the last stage – just enough to cover the foam.

Taking small amounts of filla, I rolled these into sausages using my hand. I found that rolling them out on newspaper helps remove the moisture from them and keeps them together.

Arrange the sausage around the hole (oo-er) and using your trusty finger wet with water, soften the sausage into a crater edge shape. Once done, I’ve sanded except in the crater as I’ve assumed that whatever created the crater probably blew most of the debris out.

I’ve applied a very thin layer of polyfilla to the back of the trench. This I sanded down once it was dry to create a vertical and smooth surface. I plan to add wooden supports to this to create the ‘behind the trench’ look.

The German defenders in Italy were very well dug in and had created a series of defensive lines across the country. Because of this, I’m going to need some trenches to represent the dug in nature of the defenders. Unlike the BoW crew with their Bolt Action desert trench table, I can’t glue foam to a wooden base. My trenches will be placed on the table as ‘terrain’.

I’ve started with 3mm foam underfloor heating insulation. I’ve used this to craft hills and other objects as it is very easy to work with. I’m going to build the trenches in 4″ strips and have cut three 4″ lengths of foam, each of narrower width. I’ve then proceeded to glue these together using PVA and held in place with a cocktail stick. I’ve made sure that each strip starts flush with one long edge – this will make the inside of the trench wall.

I’m going to need a fair amount of this, so I made quite a few.

Once the PVA has dried, I mounted each piece of foam onto a plasticard base. I’ve made sure that the plasticard is slightly wider and longer than the foam base. This will give the basing material something to stick to.

The strips of foam create a stepped effect which won’t be ideal for the polyfilla cover so I then went across them with a sharp knife to lessen the stepping.

Finally (in the last picture below) I have scored the plasticard to give the polyfilla something to stick to.

I also want to break up the uniform look so will create some craters in the front of the trench line. To do this, I’ve started by cutting out circular areas of the foam.

The next job will be to apply the polyfilla top. This will provide some weight, definition and hold the whole thing together.

Time for an update.

Once the paint from the previous step had dried I flocked up the bases. I mixed up a 50:50 water to PVA mix and painted this onto the bases where I wanted the flock to stick. I then applied three separate flocks, a brown, light and a dark green. This was then left to dry.

Once the flock had dried, I soaked some clump foliage in pva/water and stuck this to the base to represent bushes. Once this was all dry, I have sprayed the whole base with a 4:1 water to PVA mix to seal everything down.

For the minefields, I’ve just flocked the base and left it as is. This is after all just area terrain and I think that fenced areas and signs will impede the models should the choose to enter the minefield.

I’ve left patches of the barbed wire and tank trap ground bare to make it look as if the defences are newly laid.

It’s been busy recently in the Redvers’ household but I’ve had some time to advance this project. The filla took 24 hours to dry properly and securely hold the tank traps and barbed wire in place. For the ground, I took my cheap, dark brown paint and mixed in some PVA glue, mainly to hold the sand in place. I applied this liberally over the filla.

Once the first coat was dry, I mixed up a darker brown wash and applied this, allowing it to run and pool. I also applied the wash to the tank traps to give them a dirty look and also to the barbed wire to dull down the shine and provide a ‘rusty’ look.

The above pictures also show the results once dry. You’ll note the lighter areas where the filla is still somewhat visible. I’m ok with this as these raised areas would naturally be lighter so I’m going to leave these as is.

Next step is to flock these up and they should be finished.

I like using filler (spakling paste) for my basing. It’s creates a decent texture and can hold things down if attached while wet which effectively places those items ‘in to the terrain’ rather than ‘on top of the terrain’.

I start by scoring the MDF base with a knife to help create a rough surface area for the filler to adhere to. It’s then a simple case of applying the filler. I use my finger and some water to smooth it out and create undulations so it looks more natural.

For the mine fields, I will simply sprinkle over some sand and small stones/cork chippings to create some texture and leave to dry.

For the tank traps and barbed wire, I pushed the primed tile spacers into the filler and applied a small blob of filler around the base of each ‘post’ to create the impression of these posts being fixed into the ground. Again, some water and my finger smoothed these blobs out to make them look more ‘natural’.

Same approach for the barbed wire posts. Once the posts were attached, I gently pushed the coils of barbed wire into the filler along the line of the posts. Not to far, just enough to hold them in place.

Finally, I applied sand over the base to create texture and left it all to dry. I generally leave this 24 hours to make sure it has fully dried. You also need to be careful of warping, particularly with the longer stretches (which is why a 4″ length of base is better than the 8″ base). I’ve noticed a few of mine warping so carefully hold the ends down with some weights to avoid this.

I thought about making my own barbed wire but then found that it’s very cheap from a number of sources, so that seemed the easiest option.

The width of a standard pencil seems close enough for the diameter of a coil of barbed wire, so I’ve wrapped the wire around this to shape it. I’ve created 4″ lengths which I will fix to the bases when I apply the basing material.

Having done this for all of the bases going to take the barbed wire, I had a nice blister developing on the end of my index finger. Does this count as a hobby related injury?

The battle for Italy was a series of assaults on heavily defended positions. With the bunkers and machine gun nests complete, I’m going to need plenty of obstacles to slow the attackers down. So I need to make minefields, tank traps and barbed wire entanglements.

I’m going to use the same approach for all of these to keep things simple. And for the minefield, I’m just going to create an area terrain, no signs with skulls on or ‘obvious’ mines buried in the ground.

In Flames of War, these area obstacles are usually 2″ by 8″. I will start with some 3mm MDF and cut some bases to the above dimensions. I will also cut a few to 2″ by 4″ so that they can fit around other terrain. I’ve chamfered the edges so that it will eventually blend in with the table.

The tank traps and the supports for the barbed wire will be made out of tile spacers. I bought a bag of 200 of the smallest spacers I could find from my local tiling shop for a couple of quid. These are 2mm in width (ideal) but have a bit more depth to them than I would like.

In the picture below, you can see on the left an original spacer. I’ve then trimmed the ends off so that they are about 6mm in length. The one in the middle will be used for the tank trap and the one on the right will be used for the barbed wire.

The tank traps need two spacers glued together to create a cross shape. Everything was then primed with my cheap, trusty Halfords grey primer.

These are now ready to be added to the base.

I sealed the flock of the bunkers and the nests with watered down PVA. Once dry, this left a slight sheen over some of the model that I didn’t like so I have decided to give both the bunkers and the nests a matt varnish.

Annoyingly, I had taken some more photos of the next steps in painting the machine gun nests but deleted them. Grrrr.

So to a brief text narrative of the steps. I primed the model as I wanted the paint to adhere correctly to the cocktail sticks. This was a simple grey primer from Halfords. I then painted the filler in the same was as the concrete bunkers, with the cheap brown paint.

The cocktail sticks got a Camo Medium Brown base which I then applied a wash to. I think two washes to try and get some depth. To finish, I lightly dry brushed some middlestone over the sticks and applied a thin coat of middlestone to the ends of the cocktail sticks with the intention of making these look like the sawn wood rather than the rough bark.

The flocking and hedges was exactly the same as the concrete bunker.

These just need to be sealed now with some watered down PVA and perhaps an matt varnish applied to the logs to complete.

I also attempted to build a nest out of just cocktail sticks applied to the filler. This was an attempt to create a non ‘dug in’ nest. Frankly it was very fiddly and just doesn’t look as good but they might still get used so I painted them up anyway. I’ve included them below as how not to do it!

I’m going to try and make a machine gun nest that is made of logs and dug in to the surrounding ground. I’ll start with a base made of 3mm MDF cut into the approximate size of a medium FoW base. I’ve chamfered the edges and scored the top.

I’m going to build the earth out of filler so the scoring will help with the adhesion. I’ve place a decent amount on to the base and then an extra dollop in the middle.

The logs will be made out of cocktail sticks (tooth picks) which are a decent scale for 15mm. I’ve started by sticking two uprights at the front of the base.

Behind the uprights, I want some short logs sloping backward to create a V shape. The idea being that the machine gun would be positioned at the apex of the V. To do this, I’ve gently pushed the dollop of filler forward toward the uprights while pushing the short cocktail sticks in to the filler.

I now need to create the roof. I’ve cut some longer cocktail sticks and have gently pushed these into the dollop of filler and across the V of the short sticks.

I then put a little more filler over the ends of the newly laid ‘roof’ to hold these in place and to make it look like the nest is dug in.

Final step was to push the filler at the apex of the V out of the way to create the impression of an opening (like drilling out the gun barrel!). I’ve also put some water on my finger and smoothed out the filler.

I just need to leave these to dry now – I’ll give it 24 hours just to be sure as the filler is quite thick in the middle and will take a bit longer to harden.

I’ve now given the bunker a light dry brush of mid grey.

I lightly drilled out the gun barrel – not all the way as it was quite fiddly but enough to create the imitation. I painted the gun barrel middlestone and then applied a wash.

With the basing, I started with the clump foliage. I soaked this in a 50:50 mix of water and PVA until it was sodden. I then applied it straight to the base and left it to dry. This was, I avoided any of the scatter getting stuck the ‘bushes’.

Applying the scatter was just a case of painted the PVA on to the base and sprinkling. I went for a mix of a dark and mid tone scatter to build in some variation. Once dry, I sealed this all down with a water/PVA spray – about 5 to 1 ratio.

I think these bunkers are now finished. A couple are a little rough and ready> i probably should have spent more time on the cutting of the foam to get a better angle and end result but otherwise, I’m quite pleased with the result.

Next up, I will look to build some machine gun nests.

Once the filler was dry, I’ve given it a couple of coats of thin, brown acrylic paint. I’ve got some cheap acrylic for this which cost about £4 for 500ml on Amazon. I only use it for terrain. I’ve also used a cheap brush as filler is quite rough and ruins the bristles.

Next up, I will need to paint the gun barrel and give the bunker a light dry brush. I can then flock the base and it will be finished.

Having now seen the bunker sat on the table, I think it needs something to blend it in to whatever table it is sat on. I’ve taken some 3mm MDF sheets and cut bases that are larger than the bunker and chamfered the edge.

I’m going to use filler to stick the bunker to the base. To ensure a good contact, I’ve scored the base. I’ve then put some filler on the base, pushed the bunker in and then sculpted the filler around the bunker.

I’ve used the Halfords’ grey primer spray. The foam isn’t going to take paint well so I really need a good base for this. The primer also has the added advantage of being a good concrete colour!

After the primer, I’ve given the bunker a black wash.

As seen from the previous entry, some of the sides are a little rough. I’ve taken some filler and plastered this around the model and let it dry. I’ve then sanded it down and despite the pictures making it look lumpy, it’s actually smooth. The filler also adds some texture.

I’ve have some left over 25pdr gun barrels. While these aren’t German, once mounted in the bunker, it hopefully won’t look too obvious. To allow the guns to be mounted, I’ve cut a little groove into the foam to take the gun.

I’ve also cut a slice out of the short side which will become the bunker gun opening once glued together.

A lot of super glue was used to put the two pieces together with the gun held between them.

I’ve then tried to carve the upper part to create a slope around the top. Having looked at a lot of bunkers, this appears to be common.

Carving the foam was very easy with a sharp knife (I used the knife that came in the foam!) however my skill let me down a little and each bunker is not particularly uniform.

I’m going to kick off with creating the bunkers that littered the defensive lines created by the Germans. They weren’t present (as far as I know) at Monte Cassino but were further North.

I have some left over high density foam that was used to package some kitchen knives. This can be carved easily with a sharp knife and I think I can sculpt it into some bunker looking shapes. It’s also effectively free!

I’ve started by cutting the foam to the same size as a FoW base. I plan to glue two pieces together and mount a left over gun barrel from the bits box between the two glued halves.

Before I start out, I want to explain some caveats (or excuses!)

I’m limited by skill, time, space and cost (in that order of descending severity!). I’m going to have to compromise in some areas and the first area will be going for more generic, re-useable terrain vs. specific Italian terrain. I’m therefore going to make some terrain elements that can be used across a lot of different battlefields but at least fit in to an Italian battlefield.

I plan to build some specific terrain items. In particular, I have a lot of sofa foam that I plan to turn into at least a part of the imposing hill that overlooks the town of Cassino. I also hope to build some Italian houses at some point but I’ve no idea how yet….

There may also be large gaps between updates, simply because real life can sometimes get too real and take over.

I’d like to briefly explain why I’m looking at Monte Cassino and Northern Italy. I was first drawn into WW2 through some of the BoW Flames of War vlogs. Previous to this, I had not gamed historical battles and had mainly been interested in Sci-Fi and Fantasy gaming. After spending some time looking at FoW and WW2 I decided to take the plunge and found myself particularly enjoying the history and geo-political background to the gaming. This was all helped by some of the excellent History articles penned by @Oriskany et al.

I felt that Northern Europe and the Eastern Front had been covered extensively and I wanted to consider some other theatres of WW2 without getting too obscure. Italy looked an interesting bet, particularly as the Royal Sussex Regiment (I live in Sussex) and the Royal Essex Regiment (my home county were involved). My wife is South African and I also found that there were several SA divisions involved in the fighting. So, even with such tenuous connections, it seemed a good choice.

Italy also provides a great representation of the effort the Commonwealth and the world in general committed to supporting the Allies. The British Army alone contained Polish, Canadians, New Zealanders, Indians and South Africans. The Free French also fought and included forces from Morocco and Tunisia. The US were well represented on the Italian peninsula and part of the US forces also included the Brazilian Expeditionary Force.

Monte Cassino was a particularly hard fought series of battles starting 12^th January 1944 and German resistance lasted until their eventual retreat on 17^th May. The efforts and heroic actions on both sides defy my comprehension and during the course of the battles, the British army handed out five Victoria Crosses. Following the capture of Monte Cassino, the Allied forces were able to break through the Gustav defensive line and push North to meet up with the US VI Corp who had landed at Anzio on 22^nd January and had been hard pushed to hold their positions. The link up of the two groups opened the road to Rome and Northern Italy.

My Army build project can be found here: https://www.beastsofwar.com/project/1224831/#snav